The next section of chapter 6 begins with information about the development of infant senses, including vision, taste, smell, hearing, and touch.Use resources on the internet (.org, gov, net, or edu) to find 5 facts each about the 5 senses. List the facts in bullet point format under each sense and put the source above the facts listed.
For vision, find information about the visual acuity of newborns and the progression of vision development. Look for information about visual preferences, colors, binocular vision, face recognition, etc.
For taste, find information about taste preferences for newborns and the progression of the development of taste buds throughout infancy. Are there survival mechanisms associated with taste preferences? Do infants crave salty foods? Do taste preferences develop in utero?
For smell, find information about when the sense is fully developed. What are the smell preferences of newborns/infants? Can they recognize familiar scents?
For touch, find information about when it develops. Also, research about the sense of pain in newborns. Do newborns feel pain? How do we know babies are sensitive to touch, temperature change, etc?
For hearing, find information about when it is fully developed. How are babies tested for hearing?
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Jordan Hill and Becca Krysiak
ReplyDeleteChild Psychology
Infant Senses
30 November 2011
Vision-
1. Is not clear when they are first born.
2. After 2 months of age infants begin to be able to focus clear images onto the retina. Their vision is still not clear.
3. Even though their optics are mature, infants still can’t see as well as adults because the brain areas responsible for vision are still immature.
4. In the first month of life, babies have a visual acuity of about 20/120.
5. Infants can not see colors, but they can distinguish the contrast and brightness.
www.ski.org/vision/babyvision
Touch-
1. Placing a hang on the baby’s abdomen or cuddling close can help a baby feel more secure.
2. Swaddling help the babies feel tucked and secure.
3. Some babies are calmer when in a sling or carrier.
4. Holding a baby during feeding is important.
5. Breastfeeding ensures that a baby spends several hours in mother’s arms.
Hearing-
1. Hearing is fully developed in newborns.
2. Babies with normal hearing should startle in response to loud sounds, pay attention to mother’s voice, and briefly stop moving when a conversation begins.
3. Newborns prefer a high-pitched voice to a low sounding voice.
4. Have ability to tune out loud noises after hearing them several times.
5. If hearing loss is not detected, it can cause language, social, and emotional developmental problems. Now it is recommended that the babies get a hearing test before they leave the hospital.
www.chw.org
Taste-
1. Babies prefer sweet over sour.
2. Their sense of taste improves as they get older.
3. They can detect a difference of tastes in their mother’s breast milk, which will change depending on the mother’s diet.
4. Babies have taste buds not only on their tongue, but on the sides and roof of the mouth.
5. They are sensitive to many different foods because of the amount of taste buds.
Smell-
1. Newborns have a keen sense of smell.
2. Within a few days they show a preference for the smell of their mom and her breast milk.
3. They know the smell of their mother and can distinguish the smell of their mother from other women.
4. Using air fresheners, ect. Are not recommended for the first months of the baby’s life so they can get accustomed to the smell of their family.
5. The smell of the mother is thought to be particularly important for triggering reflexes that encourage suckling.
http://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/en/resourcecentres/prematurebabies/athome/movementandreflexes/pages/newborn-senses.aspx
Amber Saxton
ReplyDeleteTouch
Swaddling can soothe your baby because the whole experience, from the warm soft blanket, to the snug way you wrap her, mimics the comfort of the womb.
This is why "floor babies" put everything in their mouths too! Babies learn through their sense of touch, be it with their fingers, their bodies, and their mouths.
Offer them books and toys with different textures that they can touch and explore. This innate desire to explore textures by the way is what makes meals such a thrill: cheerios, oatmeal, carrots and more! Be prepared for a big squishy mess while your baby is getting those things into their mouth!
It is important to keep a newly mobile baby safe. But you should expect a few bumps and bruises for this is all part of the learning process as well. Babies will learn to leave something alone if they have a bad experience with it: like the corner of the coffee table.
Babies' skin is ultra-sensitive, says Garfield, so use a gentle touch when handling a newborn or massaging an older baby.
Sight
When first born, babies only can see as far as their mother's faces. It takes time for them to learn to recognize daddy and other close care givers.
By two months, babies will be able to distinguish other colors as well but at first, they can only see black and white.
After learning to recognize caregivers, babies will enjoy looking at pictures of other babies. Also, your facial expression has more meaning than anything that you say.
The sight of something familiar will likely soothe the baby or bring excitement. Something or someone unfamiliar on the other hand may get a turned head.
Your baby's ability to see the world develops gradually over the first six or seven months of life,
Hearing
Within an hour after birth, a newborn can distinguish mommy's voice from the voices of other women. They’ll learn rather quickly to associate comfort with the sound of your voice.
Scientists are now saying that the reason that shooshing, swooshing, and whooshing are so calming is because they mimic sounds that the baby heard while he was in your womb. Babies apparently have auditory memory from in utero and the sounds calm them.
Baby's hearing is not fully developed, but they responds best to high pitched sounds. That's why "baby talk" is likely to get a rise out of your little one.
Despite what many parents think, classical music won't make your baby smarter--but they’re likely to love it just the same. Young babies tend to like listening to smooth melodic tunes with sections in between.
A key hearing milestone is that foreign language sounds foreign. By age 1, babies can tell if you're not speaking their native language. This eventually helps them understand spoken language.
Amber Saxton
ReplyDeleteTaste
Baby has an intuitive sweet tooth. Breast milk is naturally sweet so it takes time for a baby to adjust to new tastes.
Texture is more important than taste. Babies go from liquid to liquidly-smooth and the first time they try chunky--it may not go so well. Getting used to different textures is also a big part of learning to eat regular food.
taste buds are fully formed at birth, and newborns naturally prefer sweet over salty flavors.
Once babies are ready for solid food (usually at around 6 months), they still tend to prefer sweeter tastes such as fruit and sweet potatoes to stronger-tasting veggies.
To get your baby to eat a new food, you may need to introduce it again and again. It may take up to 15 exposures for him to like a new food.
Smell
Babies know the scent of their mothers pretty much from birth. They can distinguish the scent of mom as opposed to dad or anyone else.
At first, babies rely largely on their sense of smell to distinguish "safe" and "good". However, as their hearing and eyesight develop, the sense of smell takes a back seat.
Babies may crinkle their noses at something that is unpleasant, but familiar unpleasant odors still may bring comfort to your baby. This is because it reminds them of who or what is family.
As your baby develops their senses, you'll be able to see their reactions more and more. You'll get a window into their personality by what soothes them and makes them excited. No matter what stage your baby is in enjoy it for it surely will not last long!
By the end of the first trimester baby can smell foods that Mom is eating.
http://baby.families.com/blog/babys-5-senses-and-how-they-develop-over-the-first-year
http://www.childup.com/blog/Developing-Babys-5-Senses
Vision: Can see up to 8-12 inches.
ReplyDeleteThe acuity is the optics of the baby's eyes are mature, but their brain is still immature.
It takes up to four months to strengthen the eyes and to recognize the mothers face out of all others.
Babies do not necessarily have color preference, but they can distinguish red and green from each other as early as two weeks old.
Over-stimulation is bad for the baby’s eyesight, so dull colors such as black and white are preferred for the baby to look at.
Kidshealth.org
Taste: Babies like sweet food
Preferences continue to develop taste preferences for the first year
If you give baby certain food often enough, will develop a taste for it
Unlike sweet food, taste for salty food is leaned, not natural
Babies have more taste buds than adults
Yourparenting.co.za
Smell: Smell identification increases during childhood
Reaches a peak at age eight
Babies respond to very faint differences in body odor
Three year olds have essentially same likes and dislikes as adults in odor preference
Babies locate their mothers nipple through smell
Sirc.org
Touch: Babies enjoy their parents touch
Babies should have freedom of movement to experience different textures
Touching your baby makes them feel secure and safe
First of the five senses to develop
Strong sensory interess in infancy is deeply rooted and develps into life careers
Kidshealth.org
Lulekisizwe.org
www.ski.org
ReplyDeleteVision- Newborns’ visual acuity is poor because the brain functions responsible for sight are still immature and the baby can only focus 7 to 10 inches in front of them. After about 2 months, the newborns are able to see more clearly. Infants as young as 2 weeks of age can see in color. Babies do not seem to prefer certain colors over others. When looking at a human face, newborns will look at the hairline or edge of face. By 2 months newborns will pay attention to eyes and mouth. By 4 to 5 months they can recognize their mother’s face. Their binocular vision may not be good when first born because their eyes aren’t well coordinated yet.
www.chw.org
Taste- Taste buds begin forming early in fetal development. Babies prefer sweet tastes over sour or bitter tastes.
Vision: http://www.uic.edu
ReplyDelete• Babies at birth have 20/400 visual acurity
• 2 weeks after birth, babies eyes start developing
• by age 2 the babies sight should develop to 20/20
• the nerve that connects the eye to the brain starts to form by the last seven months of pregnancy
• babies will blink when light shines in their eye
• By 6 to 8 weeks infants will fix their gaze on an object and follow its movement
• human faces, bright colors, contrasting patterns, and movement is what interests babies
Taste: http://kidshealth.org
• sweetness is preferred at birth
• salty tastes don’t really have any effect on the baby
• the texture of food have an effect on what babies like to eat
• The ability to develop a taste aversion can help keep the baby stay away from dangerous things
Chris Donnelly Jeff Prettyman
ReplyDeleteVision
-Babies can only focus 7 to 10 inches from their face. www.ski.org
-After about 2 months of age infants begin to be able to focus clear images onto the retina. www.ski.org
-Babies eyes are as mature as adults, but the area of their brain that is responsible for their vision is still immature. www.ski.org
-In the first month of life, babies have a visual acuity of about 20/120. www.ski.org
-infants as young as 2 weeks of age have color vision
Taste
-research shows that babies prefer sweet taste from birth. kidshealth.org
-taste preference will continue to develop during the first year of life kidshealth.org
-food preferences are largely shaped by the foods we’re exposed to early on in childhood. Indianapublicmedia.org
-what a mother eats can influence the flavor of her breast milk. Indianapublicmedia.org
-things like vanilla, carrot, garlic, anise, mint are some lavors that have been shown to be transmitted to amniotic fluid or mother’s milk. npr.org
Smell
-after the first week of life a newborn is able to recognize the scent of his own mother. Kidshealth.org
-
smell
ReplyDelete-The sense of smell begins in utero and the infant begins to experience odors through the amniotic fluid which is odorized by the mother’s food intake and her unique “olfactory signature.”
-The amniotic fluid odors help infants make the transition from prenatal life into postnatal life.
- It is clear that in addition to maternal odors, artificial odors, such as lavender, can sooth the young infant
-the infant is attracted to the mother’s odor
-The brain's olfactory (smell) center forms very early in fetal development.
http://www.senseofsmell.org
http://www.chw.org
hearing
-Hearing is fully developed in newborns.
-Newborns seem to prefer a higher-pitched voice (the mother's) to a low sounding voice (males).
-It is estimated that serious hearing loss occurs in about one to three of every 1,000 healthy newborns.
-Without screening or testing, hearing loss may not be noticed until the baby is more than 1 year old.
-It is now recommended that all newborns be screened for hearing loss before leaving the hospital.
http://www.chw.org
Kaitlyn Staudt & Rachel Hagerty
ReplyDeleteVision:
http://hincapie.psych.purdue.edu/InfantPerception.pdf
• The eyes begin developing two weeks after conception
• Infant vision tracking is jerky, disorganized, and easily tired.
• They are 20/400 at birth
• Newborns at first don’t pay much attention to the visual world but normally will blink when light shines in their eye
• By 6 to 8 weeks of age, infants will fix their gaze on an object and follow its movement
Smell:
http://www.valleypbs.org/0to5/season_8/shows/817/sense_of_smell.pdf
o A baby’s sense of smell is an important part of early mother-infant interactions. The infant can detect mom’s smell as early as the last trimester of pregnancy
o Mom’s diet during pregnancy can determine the infant’s preferences for certain smells
o The skin- to- skin contact while nursing allows the baby to learn the smell of her mother’s milk
o Over the first few days of life the baby’s smell preference shifts from amniotic fluid to mom
o Researchers found that at 5 days old, an infant preferred its mother’s breast pad over that of an unused breast pad. At 6 days old, an infant preferred their mother’s breast pad over that of another woman’s used breast pad
Touch:
http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/exchange/node/4356
o Despite the presence of all other life requirements, without this positive touch infants will fail to thrive
o The sense of touch develops before all other senses in embryos, and is the main way in which infants learn about their environment and bond with other people
o Affectionate touch is associated with physical growth in infants and children
http://www.childrensmn.org/manuals/pfs/condill/015548.pdf
o Even though infants are still developing and cannot tell us about their pain, they do experience it and it can be treated
o The two main signs of an infant in pain are crying and facial expression
Angela Tiberi & Emily Houck
ReplyDeleteVision
Infants are born with the optical parts of their eyes fully capable of focusing objects at any distance, from the horizon to objects right in front of their nose.
While infants are able to focus at any distance, at first they do not have very good control of their ciliary muscles. This means that during the first 2 months of life they may not focus accurately.
Visual acuity is dependent on the optical components of the eye (like the lens), but more importantly it is dependent on the functioning of the retina and the brain.
The retina in each eye contains over 100 million cells that are extremely sensitive to light. The part of the retina that is specialized for good visual acuity (good detail vision), as well as for good color vision, is called the fovea.
It is very difficult to tell what colors a baby prefers, or what colors he or she can see by simply noticing what he or she looks at. This is because their eyes might be attracted by the brightness, the darkness, or the contrast of an object against its surroundings, and not by the color alone
http://www.ski.org/Vision/babyvision.html
Taste
www.kidshealth.org
-Newborn babies prefer sweet tastes from birth and will choose to suck on bottles of sweetened water but will turn away or cry if given something bitter or sour to taste.
-Though sweetness is preferred, taste preferences will continue to develop during the first year of life.
http://social.jrank.org/
-Babies are first introduced to varied flavors through breast milk and possibly even prenatally through amniotic fluid.
-Prenatal studies show that infants begin developing their taste buds in the womb. It is likely that by the time they are born, their palates have already begun to mature. This process has the evolutionary benefit of teaching babies the flavor of “safe” foods before they have even begun to wean.
-Babies are also beginning to learn the specific flavors reflected by the culture they are about to enter. This taste memory bank helps ease the transition into a solid food diet.
-Taste is a chemical sense; it processes information by processing chemical changes in the air and in objects on the tongue. These are primitive sensory systems that are intimately involved with early developmental activities such as feeding, eating, and recognizing family members compared to strangers. In this way, these are protective senses; they enable the organism to survive, both through recognizing familiarity for safety purposes and by enabling the infant to identify food for nourishment.
-The taste buds become apparent during the eighth week of gestation, and by the fourteenth week the taste sensation is formed.
-At birth, infants express positive and aversive facial responses to tastes. The sense of smell is apparent at birth as an infant begins to recognize and prefers its mother's scent. As infants begin to develop, it is important to observe their reaction to the different sensations of sweet, sour, bitter, and salty, as well as to textures, to know what they like or dislike.
Vision www.aoa.org
ReplyDelete1. Babies should begin to follow moving objects with their eyes and reach for things at around three months of age.
2. For the first two months of life, an infant's eyes are not well coordinated and may appear to wander or to be crossed.
3. Their primary focus is on objects 8 to 10 inches from their face or the distance to parent's face.
4. Although an infant's color vision is not as sensitive as an adult's, it is generally believed that babies have good color vision by five months of age.
5. While they may look intently at a highly contrasted target, babies have not yet developed the ability to easily tell the difference between two targets or move their eyes between the two images.
Hearing www.kidshealth.org
1. Most kids born with hearing loss can be diagnosed through hearing screening tests
2. A newborn has been hearing sounds since way back in the womb such as the mother’s heart beat
3. A newborn tends to respond to the tone of the mom or dad’s voice
4. Even though the baby may be zoning off or looking off into the distance, they are probably still paying close attention to your voice
5. Once the baby comes out of the womb, sounds are loud and clear. So loud sounds may startle and frighten your baby
Taste www.chw.org www.aboutkidshealth.ca
1. Taste buds begin forming early in fetal development
2. Babies prefer sweet tastes rather than sour and bitter tastes
3. Babies also show a strong preference for breast milk and breast-feeding, especially after the first few months.
4. They are able to detect differences in the taste of their mother’s milk, which can change depending on what the mother eats.
5. Your baby’s taste buds that differentiate between salty, sweet, sour and bitter are developed at birth.
Smell www.kidspot.co www.chw.org
1. The baby recognizes the smell of the mother’s milk, and will reject it if it changes
2. A baby’s taste and smell are closely related
3. The brain's olfactory (smell) center forms very early in fetal development
4. Studies have found that newborns have a keen sense of smell
5. Within the first few days they will show a preference for the smell of their own mother, especially to her breast milk.
Touch www.kidspot.co www.lulekisizwe.org
1. Your baby will feel loved and secure, through your gentle and caring touch
2. You can learn to connect and bond with your baby through baby massage and kangaroo care
3. Your baby is born being sensitive to touch
4. Baby massage gives more benefits for babies who were born prematurely and babies who were born to a cesarean section.
5.Many researchers and medical practitioners believe that baby massage is beneficial in increasing the baby’s confidence in later level.
Smell
ReplyDeleteAlthough smell-identification ability increases during childhood, even newborn infants are highly sensitive to some important smells: recent research shows that newborn babies locate their mothers’ nipples by smell.
Experiments have also shown that babies are responsive to very faint differences in body odor, but it is believed that infants are highly sensitive only to specific smells, rather than a wide range of odors.
http://www.sirc.org/publik/smell_human.html
Even newborns are able to distinguish the smell of a strong repulsive smell of a medicinal herb and the aromatic smell of anise, an herb often used in soap or toothpaste
By 5 or 6 days old, the baby could identify the smell of the mother's breast milk doused cloth, compared to another woman's breast milk doused cloth
This indicates that by 5 days old, the sense of smell has developed almost to its fullest capacity
http://www.childresearch.net/SCIENCE/KOBY/FUTURE/cbse0021.html
Touch
www.kidshealth.org
-Through touch, babies learn a lot about surroundings.
-At first, a baby is looking only for comfort. Having come from a warm and enveloping fluid before birth, babies are faced with feeling cold for the first time, brushing up against the hardness of the crib, or feeling the stiff edge of a seam inside clothes.
-Babies look to parents to provide the soft touches: silky blankets, comforting hugs, and loving caresses. With almost every touch a newborn is learning about life.
-According to studies dated as far back as 1917, newborns can feel pain. When having blood drawn they would cry and when pricked on the wrist, the other hand would lift up.
Hearing
A baby's hearing will be fully mature by the end of her first month
From the beginning the newborn will pay close attention to voices, especially high-pitched ones, and will respond to familiar sounds
By three months your baby's temporal lobe - which assists with hearing, language, and smell - will have become more receptive and active, so when your baby hears your voice, she may look directly at you and start gurgling or trying to talk back.
At five months your baby will realize where sounds come from, and she'll turn quickly toward new ones.
Vision- kidshealth.org
ReplyDelete• Newborns can see a distance of 8-12 inches.
• It is harder to focus on distant objects.
• Very sensitive to bright light.
• Prefer to look at human faces, bright colors, contrasting patterns, and movement.
• Babies eyes need fine tuning to build up strength, especially for focusing on distant objects.
Taste- kidshealth.org
• Prefer sweet taste from birth.
• Choose to suck on bottles of sweet water.
• Turn away or cry when give something sour or bitter.
• Taste preferences will continue to develop through the first year.
• Breast milk and/or formula will be enough to satisfy an infant.
Touch- kidshealth.org, www.chw.org
• Helps babies learn about their surroundings.
• Look for comforting touch, more like the womb.
• Gentle and tender touching can help ease your babies transition into the world.
• Touching a baby in a loving way, such as stroking or cuddling, can help calm them down.
• Holding the baby while feeding, especially breast feeding, is beneficial.
Hearing- kidshealth.org
• Genetics, infections, trauma, and damaging noise levels may cause hearing problems.
• Babies begin to hear inside the womb.
• Hearing is already developed when they are born, so they hear everything around them loud and clear.
• Babies in the womb can hear the mother’s heartbeat, gurgles of the digestive system, or external sounds and voices.
• Babies can recognize certain voices, and will prefer mom or dad’s.
Smell- www.chw.org, www.aboutkidshealth.ca
• The brain’s smell center forms early fetal development.
• Within the first few days, babies can form a preference for the smell of their mother.
• Babies will like the smell of their mothers’ breast milk.
• Breast fed babies are more keenly aware of their mother’s smell than those who are bottle fed.
• Babies will breath in sweet smells but turn their nose away from sour or bitter smells such as vinegar or alcohol.
Smell: www.valleypbs.org/0to5/season_8/shows/817/sense_of_smell.pdf
ReplyDelete• An infant can sense their mom’s familiar scent during the last trimester of pregnancy.
• An infant’s preferences for smells depend on the mother’s diet.
• Certain foods are broken down through the mother’s digestive system, getting into the amniotic fluid, and this gets into the baby’s nose where they become familiar.
• A child’s environment shapes her responsiveness to a variety of smells.
• Sense of smell of a certain object, such as blanket, or a person, such as dad coming home from work, are smells that stick with you more than any sensor memory.
Touch: www.adoptmed.org/.../Perceptual%20World%20of%20Infants.pdf
• Touch is the first sense to emerge, which happens when 5-week embryos touch to the lips and nose.
• Touch on more than a reflex level occurs at the end of the 2nd trimester and continues through birth.
• Baby’s strongest sense of touch is with their mouth, which is why most babies touch everything to their mouth first.
• Girls tend to me more sensitive to touch than boys, but boys are more sensitive on their left side.
• Babies respond to temperature change, which can be shown by their activity. When they are cool, they are more alert and active, and when they are on the warmer side, they become more relaxed.
Hearing: http://library.thinkquest.org/3750/hear/hear.html
http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/eyes/hear.html
• Babies can receive earaches from the milk backing up in the Eustachian tube, which causes bacteria to grow. A side effect could be hearing problems later on in life.
• Hearing problems can be caught early, by the time a child is 3 months old, through the results of a baby’s screening results.
• Hearing loss is a common birth defect in about 1 out of 3 in every 1,000 babies.
• Signs of hearing loss at 3 months would be if a child still does not recognize a parent’s voice, and by 6 months if they do not turn their head or eyes when a sound goes off.
• If a child does have hearing loss, treatment can be the most effective if it is started by the time a child is 6 months old.
Vision http://www.allaboutvision.edu/parents/infants.htm
ReplyDelete1. An antibiotic ointment is usually applied to your newborn's eyes to help prevent an eye infection from bacteria present in the birth canal.
2. At birth, your baby sees only in black and white and shades of gray. Nerve cells in their retina and brain that control vision are not fully developed.
3. Your newborn can see best at a distance of only 8 to 12 inches, and focus when gazing up from the arms of mom or dad.
4. Despite these visual limitations, studies show that within a few days after birth, infants prefer looking at an image of their mother's face to that of a stranger. Researchers believe this preference depends on large, high-contrast stimuli, like the boundary of the mother's hairline to her face. (In studies, if these boundaries were masked with a scarf or bathing cap, the infants' preference of looking at their mother's face went away.)
5. Infants start to develop the ability to see in colors very quickly. At one week after birth, they can see red, orange, yellow and green. But it takes a little longer for them to be able to see blue and violet. This is because blue light has shorter wavelengths, and fewer color receptors exist in the human retina for blue light.
Taste http://www.chw.org/display/PPF/DocID/23279/router.asp
1. At birth, babies relish sweet flavors above others, a natural preference that ensures a penchant for the sweet taste of breast milk.
2. Experiments suggest that babies can’t taste salt until they are about 4 months old
3. When babies are given a sugar solution immediately before a painful procedure--like a heel prick--they cry less.
4. The sense of taste develops at a prenatal stage for infants. At the 7 to 8 weeks' gestation, taste buds start emerging
5. It may take as many as 20 trials, to develop a taste for a particular thing in a baby. So you may need time and patience to change the taste preferences of your baby and make her eat any new foods.
Smell http://baby.doctissimo.gov/growing-baby/baby-s-sense-of-smell/newborns-highly-developed-sense-of-smell.html
1. Newborns will turn toward smells they prefer and turn away from unpleasant odors.
2. Babies have a highly developed sense of smell and while other senses are dulled when sleeping, smell is not one of them.
3. Unlike adults, babies expressed no particular aversion to the smell of sweat.
4. Guided by the smell of milk, the baby will instinctively seek out the breast and latch on: he/she recognizes his mother and will "root" for milk at each feed.
5. Within just a few days, the newborn will be able to recognise some of her mother's other odours: perspiration, skin and hair... She will also know the difference between her mother’s milk and another woman's. In fact the mother's body becomes a kind of "odour map" which stimulates the baby's sense of smell and promotes recognition and attachment to the mother.
Touch http://www.preemie-l.org/massage.html
ReplyDelete1. If your baby is stroked, he/she would spend more time in making eye contact, smile and vocalize, as opposed to when you tickle or poke him/her. That way, you will ensure that your child cries for less time.
2. Touch is a vital sense, which affects the bond between the parent and the infant. It also contributes in the cognitive and immunological development of the baby, as well as improves his/her sociability.
3. In the process of exploring the world around him/her, your baby might meet with little accidents, such as banging the head against the crib or hurting himself with the sharp edges. Hurtful though, such accidents actually teach the baby about the importance of their limits. As they grow, they will recognize that they should keep themselves away from sharp edges. However, you should still make sure that such accidents are not repeated frequently.
4. The preferences for touch may vary from infant to infant. Therefore, as a parent, it is important to know which types of touch are preferred by the infants. For the purpose, you can try stroking, bouncing or tickling the baby. If the baby responds positively, by the way of making an eye contact or passing a smile, probably, he/she is comfortable with the touch.
5. Studies suggest that the sense of touch enhances the growth and development of the baby and increases his/her attentiveness to the rest of the world, apart from his/her mother.
Hearing http://kidshealth.org/parent/growth/senses/sensenewborn.html#
1. Your newborn has been hearing sounds since way back in the womb. Mother's heartbeat, the gurgles of her digestive system, and even the external sounds of her voice and the voices of other family members were part of a baby's world before birth.
2. Try to pay attention to how your newborn responds to your voice. Human voices, especially Mom's and Dad's, are a baby's favorite "music."
3. Most newborns have a hearing screening before being discharged from the hospital (most states require this). If your baby didn't have it, or was born at home or a birthing center, it's important to have a hearing screening within the first month of life. Most kids born with a hearing loss can be diagnosed through a hearing screening.
4. Your infant may not yet coordinate looking and listening, but even while staring into the distance, your little one is probably paying close attention to your voice when you speak
5. If, for some reason, the newborn does not pass the screen, a rescreen is usually done. If the infant still does not pass the second hearing test, he/she is referred to a specialist for further testing.
Emily Kennard
ReplyDeleteInfant Senses
November 30, 2011
Vision:
http://www.ski.org/Vision/babyvision.html
1. Infants are born with the optical parts of their eyes fully capable of focusing objects at any distance, from the horizon to objects right in front of their nose.
2. Infants still can’t see as well as adults because brain areas responsible for vision are still immature.
3. Infants' color vision is not likely to be as rich and sensitive as adult color vision since the receptors and nerves in the eye that are most sensitive to color are not yet mature.
4. By 2 months of age, infants begin to pay more attention to internal features of the face such as eyes and mouth.
5. Their sensitivity to light and dark, and subtle shading improves about 4 times faster than their visual acuity so by 8 to 9 weeks of age, a baby will be able to distinguish two shades of gray.
Taste:
http://www.dumex.com.sg/young_children/child_development/article/taste_preferences_of_infants_and_children_by_prof_adam_drewnowski
1. Infants like sweet and dislike bitter tastes. An infant will start to relax and smile with a drop of a sweet taste on its tongue.
2. The infants' feeding response is driven by sweetness and infants quickly learn to consume sugar solutions in preference to plain water.
3. Some researchers believe that prenatal exposure to food odors, derived from foods consumed by the mother in the course of pregnancy, can influence future food preferences and eating habits.
4. Infants and pregnant women are most vulnerable to bitter toxins and are most likely to avoid bitter foods.
5. The introduction of new foods, whether liquid or solid, should increase the range of food preferences.
Smell:
http://www.adoptmed.org/storage/Perceptual%20World%20of%20Infants.pdf
1. Between 2 and 6 months of gestation, the nasal cavity is filled by a plug of tissue, so ability to smell begins around 28 weeks of gestation.
2. Brand-new babies prefer to nurse on breasts moistened with amniotic fluid, and cry less when exposed to its odor.
3. Smells, both parental and their own - the familiar environment, are an important part of finding comfort.
4. Babies cannot distinguish between a good smell and a bad smell for several years, such as a dirty diaper.
5. Babies seem to "remember", or imprint on, familiar odors such as their mothers.
Touch:
http://kidshealth.org/parent/pregnancy_newborn/index.html#cat20060
1. Babies learn a lot about their surroundings through touch.
2. As it is to most humans, touch is extremely important to a newborn.
3. Infants use their fingers and hands to 'feel' the things and people around them.
4. Since the sense of touch plays a pivotal role in the development of the child, it is important to give your baby frequent opportunities to use the sense of touch.
5. The preferences for touch may vary from infant to infant.
Hearing:
http://www.babyhearing.org/HearingAmplification/index.asp
1. Most times hearing loss is genetic.
2. Hearing loss can be caused by illness or trauma before birth or during the birth process.
3. Newborns get a hearing test after birth at the hospital.
4. Newborn hearing tests are important because a lot of help is available even when a hearing loss is found early in a baby's life.
5. One reason a baby can fail the hearing test is fluid in the middle ear.
Taryn Schweizer
ReplyDeleteVision - www.chw.org
• A newborn's eyes are a little more than half the size of an adult's eyes.
• Over the first few months, babies may have uncoordinated eye movements and may even appear cross-eyed.
• Babies are born with the ability to focus only at close range - about 8 to 10 inches or the distance between a mother's face to the baby in her arms.
• Babies are able to follow or track an object in the first few weeks.
• Newborns can detect light and dark but cannot see all colors.
Taste - www.kronkosky.org
• Taste buds begin forming early in fetal development.
• It is known that babies prefer sweet tastes over sour or bitter tastes.
• Babies also show a strong preference for breast milk and breast-feeding, especially after the first few months.
• Taste is important for children’s emotional development.
• Certain foods (sweets & fats) literally have mood-altering effects that can harm a baby, improve their attention span, and eventually help them speak.
Smell
• Smell plays a roll from initial attraction of possible mates, through pregnancy, up to birth and development of the baby. - serendip.brynmawr.edu
• Newborns will turn toward smells they prefer and turn away from unpleasant odors. - kidshealth.org
• The brain's olfactory (smell) center forms very early in fetal development. - www.chw.org
• Within the first few days they will show a preference for the smell of their own mother, especially to her breast milk. - www.chw.org
• Infants selectively turn their heads toward the breast, quiet from crying, and initiate mouthing movements in response to their mother’s odor. - www.wonderbabiesco.org
Touch
• Gentle touch builds baby brain development and creates a bond between parents and their children. - www.eduguide.org
• Infants can feel pain. - www.med.umich.edu
• Even premature babies can feel pain. - www.med.umich.edu
• Pain affects babies' nervous systems in many ways, even changing the structure and physiology of the nervous system. - www.med.umich.edu
• Pain can cause medical complications, and problems with sleep, feeding, and self-regulation. - www.med.umich.edu
Hearing - www.chw.org
• Hearing is fully developed in newborns.
• Newborns seem to prefer a higher-pitched voice (the mother's) to a low sounding voice (males).
• They also have an ability to tune out loud noises after hearing them several times.
• It is estimated that serious hearing loss occurs in about one to three of every 1,000 healthy newborns.
• If hearing loss is not detected until later years, there will not be stimulation of the brain's hearing centers. This can affect the maturation and development of hearing, and can delay speech and language.
Vision: http://www.uic.edu
ReplyDelete• Babies at birth have 20/400 visual acurity
• 2 weeks after birth, babies eyes start developing
• by age 2 the babies sight should develop to 20/20
• the nerve that connects the eye to the brain starts to form by the last seven months of pregnancy
• babies will blink when light shines in their eye
• By 6 to 8 weeks infants will fix their gaze on an object and follow its movement
• human faces, bright colors, contrasting patterns, and movement is what interests babies
Taste: http://kidshealth.org
• sweetness is preferred at birth
• salty tastes don’t really have any effect on the baby until later
• the texture of food have an effect on what babies like to eat
• since babies like sweet tastes they like breast milk which keeps them alive
• babies taste buds develop while the baby is still in the womb, so when they are intaking what the mother is eating the amniotic fluid gives them the taste of the food.
Smell: www.kidshealth.org
• babies will turn towards smells they like and turn away from smells they don’t like.
• Babies smell their mothers and are familiar with the scents around them.
Touch: http://www.eheart.com/cesarean/babies.html
• Touch develops in utero, about 7 ½ weeks
• Newborns sense of pain can be felt as soon as they are brought into the world and feel pain from slight temperature changes to a bad smell.
• Newborns do feel pain
• When babies are upset, squirm, or cry this usually means they are uncomfortable or in pain. Also by the reactions to certain things is how they show pain and sensitivity.
Hearing: http://kidshealth.org/parent/growth/senses/sensenewborn.html#a_Hearing
• Newborns develop hearing when they are about seven months in the womb
• To test babies for their hearing, doctors do an otoacoustic emissions test or anauditory brain-stem response test. These test if the baby can hear 30 decibels (the sound of a whisper).
Anna Sorantino and Megan Sullivan
ReplyDeleteVision: http://www.uic.edu
• At birth a baby’s eye is about 75 percent of the size of an adult eye.
• Babies like to see human faces, bright colors, contrasting patterns, and movement.
• Black-and-white pictures or toys will attract and keep a baby's interest longer than objects or pictures with lots of similar colors.
• The newborn’s visual acuity is approximately 20/400.
• By 6 to 8 weeks of age, infants will fix their gaze on an object and follow its movement.
Taste: http://kidshealth.org
• Babies prefer sweet tastes from birth
• They dislike sour or bitter tastes
• Babies also show a strong preference for breast milk and breast-feeding, especially after the first few months.
• At 4 months infants develop taste buds for salty foods
• Taste preferences can be ingested through amniotic fluid in the womb
Vision: -www.ski.org
ReplyDelete1.during the first 2 months they may not focus accurately
2.born with the optical parts of their eyes fully capable of focusing objects at any distance
3.can’t see as well as adults because brain areas responsible for vision are still immature.
4.can only focus 7-10 inches from their face
5.in the first month of life babies have a visual acuity of 20/120
Taste:
1.prefer sweet tastes
2.turn away or cry if given something bitter
3.taste preferences continue to develop during the first year of life
-www.kidshealth.org
4.show a strong preference for breast milk
5.taste buds begin forming early in fetal development
-www.chw.org
Smell:
1.breathe deeply to smell milk, vanilla, banana, and sugar
2.turn up their nose to the smell of alcohol and vinegar
3.within the first week they show a preference for their mother’s breast milk
-www.healthychildren.org
4.the brain’s smell center forms very early in fetal development
-www.chw.org
5.Infants selectively turn their heads toward the breast, quiet from crying, and initiate mouthing movements in response to their mother’s odor.
-www.wonderbabiesco.org
Touch: -www.kidshealth.org
1.Babies learn a lot about their surroundings through touch.
2. touch is extremely important to a newborn.
3. Infants use their fingers and hands to 'feel' the things and people around them.
4. Since the sense of touch plays a pivotal role in the development of the child, it is important to give your baby frequent opportunities to use the sense of touch.
5. The preferences for touch may vary from infant to infant.
Hearing: -www.kidshealth.org
1.most newborns have a hearing screening before being discharged from the hospital.
2.newborns have the ability to hear in the womb
3.babies prefer human voices, especially mom’s and dad’s.
4.genetics, trauma, infections, and damaging noise levels may result in a hearing problem.
5.when a baby is born sounds of the outside world are very loud and clear, baby may startle at a unexpected noise.
Vision
ReplyDeletewww.ski.org/vision/babyvision
1. The eyes begin developing two weeks after conception
2. At birth a baby’s eye is about 75 percent of the size of an adult eye
3. The newborn’s visual acuity (sharpness of vision) is approximately 20/400. Vision slowly improves to 20/20 by age 2 years.
4. By 6 to 8 weeks of age, infants will fix their gaze on an object and follow its movement.
5. A baby’s eyes should be well aligned by 4 months of age.
Taste
http://kidshealth.org/parent/growth/senses/sensenewborn.html#a_Taste_and_Smell
1. The taste sense forms and matures at an early stage, with the first taste buds appearing at eight weeks of gestation.
2. Most newborns positively react to sweet tastes, however, biter flavors are rejected when in high concentration.
3. Natural flavors from foods like garlic or vanilla are detectable in breast milk 1-2 hours after consumption.
4. The taste of breast milk may also impact on the later preferences of the newborn.
5. When solid foods are being introduced, infants especially 4-6 months are more accepting of new foods when infants 18-24 months are not.
Smell
http://kidshealth.org/parent/growth/senses/sensenewborn.html#a_Taste_and_Smell
1. Babies know the smell of their mother and can distinguish the smell of their mother from other women.
2. The smell of the mother is thought to be particularly important for triggering reflexes that encourage suckling.
3. Newborns have a keen sense of smell.
4. Within a few days they show a preference for the smell of their mom and her breast milk.
5. Smell is one of the first senses to fully develop in the womb.
Touch
http://kidshealth.org/parent/growth/senses/sensenewborn.html#
1. Holding a baby during feeding is important.
2. Babies look to parents to provide the soft touches: silky blankets, comforting hugs, and loving caresses.
3. Newborn babies do experience pain.
4. Babies learn a lot about their surroundings through touch
5. Touch for preterm babies can enhance weight gain and responsiveness.
Hearing
www.chw.org
1. Babies has been hearing sounds since in the womb.
2. Babies with normal hearing should startle in response to loud sounds, pay attention to mother’s voice, and briefly stop moving when a conversation begins.
3. Hearing loss one of most frequently occurring birth defects.
4. It is important to have a hearing screening within first month of life.
5. Newborns prefer a high-pitched voice to a low sounding voice.
Hearing: critical part in social, emotional, cognitive development.
ReplyDeleteHearing impairment can affect childs ability to speak and understand language
Hearing problems caught early (3 months) can be reversed
Will have a hearing screening before being discharged from the hospital
Is tested with high pitches and look for eye movements or head turn
Vision – uic.edu
ReplyDelete• The newborn’s visual acuity is approximately 20/400.
• The eyes begin developing two weeks after conception.
• At birth a baby’s eye is about 75 percent of the size of an adult eye.
• At first newborns don’t pay much attention to the visual world but normally blink when light shines in their eye but by 6 to 8 weeks of age, infants will fix their gaze on an object and follow its movement.
• By 4 months of age, the newborns eyes become aligned and their three-dimensional vision develops.
Taste – kidshealth.org
• Research shows that new babies prefer sweet tastes from birth.
• Babies will turn away or cry if given something they don’t like.
• Though sweetness is preferred, taste preferences will continue to develop during the first year of life.
• Breast milk and/or formula will be enough to satisfy an infant
• Babies do not like sour or bitter taste
Smell – sirc.org & chw.org
• Newborn infants are highly sensitive to some important smells: can locate mothers’ nipples by smell.
• Responsive to very fain differences in body odor.
• Highly sensitive only to specific smells rather than wide range of odors.
• Brain’s olfactory (smell) center forms very early in fetal development.
• Within the first few days babies will show preference for the smell of their mother.
Touch – adoptmed.org
• Babies respond to temperature change, which can be shown by their activity. When they are cool, they are more alert and active, and when they are on the warmer side, they become more relaxed
• Touch on more than a reflex level occurs at the end of the 2nd trimester and continues through birth.
• Baby’s strongest sense of touch is with their mouth, which is why most babies touch everything to their mouth first.
• Girls tend to me more sensitive to touch than boys, but boys are more sensitive on their left side.
• Touch is the first sense to emerge, which happens when 5-week embryos touch to the lips and nose.
Hearing – kidshealth.org
• Genetics, infections, trauma, and damaging noise levels may cause hearing problems.
• Babies begin to hear inside the womb.
• Hearing is already developed when they are born, so they hear everything around them loud and clear.
• Babies in the womb can hear the mother’s heartbeat, gurgles of the digestive system, or external sounds and voices.
• Babies can recognize certain voices, and will prefer mom or dad’s.
www.ski.org
ReplyDeleteVision- Newborns’ visual acuity is poor because the brain functions responsible for sight are still immature and the baby can only focus 7 to 10 inches in front of them. After about 2 months, the newborns are able to see more clearly. Infants as young as 2 weeks of age can see in color. Babies do not seem to prefer certain colors over others. When looking at a human face, newborns will look at the hairline or edge of face. By 2 months newborns will pay attention to eyes and mouth. By 4 to 5 months they can recognize their mother’s face. Their binocular vision may not be good when first born because their eyes aren’t well coordinated yet.
www.chw.org
Taste- Taste buds begin forming early in fetal development. Babies prefer sweet tastes over sour or bitter tastes. Taste preferences continue to develop through the first year of life. The need to suckle is instinctive and allows the baby to feed.
http://kidshealth.org www.chw.org
Smell- Newborns will turn toward smells they prefer and turn away from smells they dislike. Forms very early in fetal development. They show a preference for the smell of their mother. Well developed at birth.
www.pregnancy-calendars.net www.babyhearing.org spenserhope.org
Hearing- Well developed at 20 weeks gestational age. Parts of the baby’s are immune so that they can’t hear a range of sounds. Newborns are screened at birth with either an otoacoustic emissions test or auditory brainstem response test.
www.virginiapregnancy.org
Touch- Newborns are sensitive to touch right from birth. They become accustomed to mother’s touch. Touch develops in the womb. They can feel pain at week 10 in the embryo.
Vision (www.aoa.org)
ReplyDelete-Depth perception develops around the fifth month of life
-At three months a baby should be able to follow moving objects with their eyes and reach for objects they see
-At three months, baby’s usually have good color vision
-Facial recognition of parents begins at about eight weeks
-Very young infants can see a high contrast pattern though their vision is not fully developed
Taste
(www.chw.org)
-Taste buds are formed early in fetal development when fetuses taste the amniotic fluid
-Babies prefer sweet tasting foods
-Babies show a strong preference for breast milk and breast feeding especially after the first few months
(www.kidshealth.org)
-Babies can develop a taste preference for salt when solid food are able to be introduced to their diet when they can hold their head up
-Babies show distaste for foods by pursing their lips or turning away
Smell (www.senseofsmell.org)
-A baby’s sense of smell begins in utero
-A baby has a very sensitive sense of smell for certain things like parent’s body odor which helps the baby find food
-Sense of smell in babies is a survival instinct to find mother's breast
-Babies turn their head away from smells that they don't like
-Babies not only remember the smell of their mother but other famaliar items introduced early in infancy and other people that hold the baby often
Touch (www.kidshealth.org)
-Touch is very important for newborn development, improving responsiveness
-Baby massages stimulate weight gain
-Babies prefer soft, warm textures that imitate the womb
(www.childrensmn.org)
-Babies can feel pain and show it through high pitched crying and grimacing
-Baby massages can help relieve pain
Hearing (kidshealth.org)
-Babies can hear their mother's heartbeat in the womb
-During pregnancy, babies develop a preference for their mother's voice
-Preference of mother's voice is survival instinct to find food
(www.babyhearing.org)
-Babies are screened for hearing problems within the first month of life
-The newborn hearing screening test can involve playing a sound in one ear and recording and measuring the echo from the other
Jeff Prettyman Chris Donnelly
ReplyDeleteSmell
A baby’s sense of smell starts to develop while inside the mother.
after the first week of life a newborn is able to recognize the scent of his own mother. Kidshealth.org
Babies are calmed by familiar smells.
Babies will turn away from strangers unfamiliar odor.
They prefer female’s high pitch voice over male’s low pitch voice.
Touch
Skin-to-skin contact feels especially comforting to your baby.
Babies learn more about their environment through touch.
Babies’ skin is ultra sensitive and should be handled with extreme care.
At about eight months, babies can identify a familiar object by touching without seeing.
At four months, a baby can reach out and actively touching objects
Hearing-
Babies can understand that someone is speaking a foreign language.
Babies can recognize the voice of their mother.
Gradually, babies start associating sounds with the experiences and give them a meaning.
Music toys also help in the brain development of the child.
Babies responds favorably to classical music.
www.kidshealth.org
www.kronkosky.org
Alex Kaminski and Kelsey Zug
ReplyDeleteVision – http://www.aoa.org/x9420.xml
-The ability of Newborns to focus their eyes, move them accurately, and use them together as a team must be learned.
- Eye and vision problems in infants can cause developmental delays.
-It is important to detect any problems early to ensure babies have the opportunity to develop the visual abilities they need to grow and learn.
-Babies should begin to follow moving objects with their eyes and reach for things at around three months of age.
-Most babies start crawling at about 8 months old, which helps further develop eye-hand-foot-body coordination. Early walkers who did minimal crawling may not learn to use their eyes together as well as babies who crawl a lot.
Taste – indianapublicmedia.org, knackonline.org
-Newborns respond positively to sweet tastes and negatively to bitter or sour tastes.
-Preference for salt appears at about 4 months.
-If a mother breastfeeds and eats vegetables, the baby will be exposed to the flavor of vegetables through her breast milk.
-When we are born, we already have innate taste preferences.
-We are predisposed to reject new foods, and to learn preferences for the more familiar.
Smell: www.valleypbs.org/0to5/season_8/shows/817/sense_of_smell.pdf
www.adoptmed.org/.../Perceptual%20World%20of%20Infants.pdf
-Important part of early mother-infant interactions.
-Infant can detect mom’s smell as early as the last trimester of pregnancy.
-Mom’s diet during pregnancy can determine an infant’s smell preferences.
-In the first few days of life the baby’s smell goes from amniotic fluid to mom.
-Skin to skin contact while nursing can allow the baby to learn the smell of the mother’s milk. This allows the baby to get excited when it sees mom and gets in the position for feeding.
-Babies show stronger preferences for sweeter mixes.
Touch – kidshealth.org › Parents › Growth & Development serendip.brynmawr.edu/exchange/node/4356, http://www.lulekisizwe.org/your-touch-develops-your-baby%E2%80%99s-sense-of-touch/
-The sense of touch develops before all the other senses and is the main way infants learn about their environment.
-Around 5-6 months the baby will start to pull themselves up.
-Babies who were born prematurely or born via C-section tend to have less sense of touch compared to the babies who were born through vaginal birth.
-Giving a baby a massage results in a stronger bond between the baby and the parents.
-Massage increases blood circulation and develops the baby’s nervous and muscular system.
Hearing – http://www.nidcd.nih.gov
-At three months, or even before that, babies react to loud sounds, recognize their mother’s voice and will calm down if crying, and have a special way of crying for different needs.
-At four to six months, a baby follows sounds with his or her eyes, responds to changes in the tone of your voice, and laughs.
-At seven months to one year, he or she will listen when spoken to, babble to get attention, and look in the direction of a sound.
- Most children hear and listen to sounds from birth. They learn to talk by imitating the sounds around them and the voices of their parents and caregivers.
- Two different tests are used to screen for hearing loss in babies: The otoacoustic emissions test shows whether parts of the ear respond properly to sound, and the auditory brain stem response test checks how the auditory brain stem and the brain respond to sound by measuring their electrical activity as the child listens.
Hearing: www.babyhearing.org
ReplyDelete1. It is important to know that many babies need a repeat screening test.
2. A newborn with normal hearing may fail the first screening due to debris in the ear canal, fluid in the middle ear or moving/crying during the test.
3. It is important to catch hearing loss early.
4. Response to noise depends on child’s temperament.
5. Many states require newborn screening for hearing loss.
touch: http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/exchange/node/4356
1. Most highly developed sense at birth.
2. Craves skin to skin contact.
3. Develops before all other senses in embryos.
4. Simple stroke of skin can alter a baby’s health and behavior.
5. Other touch receptors in the skin produce action potentials in response to the object’s temperature and to the presence of chemicals on the skin.
vision: kidshealth.org
1. Newborn can see best at a distance of 8 to 12 inches.
2. Newborns can see things farther away, but it is hard to focus.
3. Newborns are very sensitive to bright light.
4. Likely to open their eyes in lowlight.
5. Black and white pictures or toys will attract your baby and keep its interest.
Smell: sirc.org
1. Highly sensitive to some important smells.
2. Newborn babies locate their mother’s nipple by smell.
3. Babies are responsive to very faint differences in body odor.
4. Smell exchanged between mother and infant strengthen their bond.
5. Helps baby recognize who feeds it.
Taste: kidshealth.org
1. Babies prefer sweet tastes from birth.
2. They will turn away if given something bitter or sour to taste.
3. Taste preferences develop throughout the first year of life.
4. Five primary tastes for babies are sweetness, saltiness, bitterness, sourness, and umami.
5. Umami is a savory taste associated with meats, milk products, and mushrooms.